Weizen w?hrend der Reifung: Inhaltsstoffe, rheologische Eigenschaften und Backeigenschaften

Zusammenfassung Körner der Weizensorte Scirocco wurden in verschiedenen Reifungsstadien (8–42 Tage nach der Blüte) auf chemische Zusammensetzung und auf rheologische und backtechnische Eigenschaften analysiert. Von der Teigreife an (28 Tage nach der Blüte) läßt sich aus den getrockneten Körnern genügend Mehl gewinnen und zu einem Gebäck verarbeiten, das hinsichtlich Volumen und Krume akzeptabel ist. Aber erst, wenn der Mehlkörper etwa eine Woche vor der Vollreife (36 Tage) trocken geworden ist, besitzen Teig, Kleber und Gebäckkrume die für die Sorte typischen guten Eigenschaften. Mit der Vollreife nimmt lediglich die Krumenfestigkeit noch leicht zu.Der Proteingehalt des erntefrischen Korns steigt im Reifungsverlauf von 2,9% (8 Tage) auf 8,7% (42 Tage), während der auf Trockenmasse bezogene Proteingehalt ein flaches Minimum durchläuft und erst im reifen Korn wieder annähernd den Ausgangswert (ca. 11 %) erreicht. Die Verteilung des Proteins nach Löslichkeit auf die Osbornefraktionen verändert sich stark. Die Albumine und Globuline nehmen ab, die Kleberproteine nehmen zu. Im Gegensatz zur Prolaminfraktion, die erst ca. 2 Wochen nach der Blüte in merklichen Mengen auftritt und weiter relativ stetig bis zum Endwert von 3,3% zunimmt, ist die Glutenin/Gelprotein-Fraktion von Anfang an mit ca. 2% im Korn vorhanden und beginnt erst 3–4 Wochen nach der Blüte auf den Endwert von 4,5% anzusteigen. Die Aminosäurezusammensetzung der Prolamin- und Gluteninfraktionen verändert sich in den Anfangsstadien stark und erreicht erst ca. 4 Wochen nach der Blüte konstante und typische Werte. Die auf Mehltrockenmasse bezogene Stärkemenge zeigt relativ wenig Veränderungen. Lipidgehalt und Lipidzusammensetzung von Stärke, Kleber und wasserlöslicher Fraktion verändern sich stark, im Gegensatz zum Mehl insgesamt. Charakteristische Veränderungen sind vor allem bei Erreichen der Milch- (16 Tage nach der Blüte) und Teigreife (28 Tage) zu beobachten. Auch die Aminosäureanalysen der Proteine vom gesamten Korn, sowie von Kleber, Stärke und wasserlöslichen Bestandteilen zeigen, daß Milch- und Teigreife markante Punkte in der Entwicklung des Korns darstellen.

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Wheat during maturation: constituents, rheological and baking properties

Summary Grains of the wheat variety Scirocco were analysed for chemical composition and for rheological and baking properties during different stages of maturity (8–42 days after flowering). After 28 days it was possible to obtain a flour and thus to produce a bread which was acceptable with regard to its volume and crumb texture. However, only after the endosperm had become dry (28 days), did the dough, gluten and bread crumb exhibit good properties, typical of the variety Scirocco. Between 28 days and 36 days (when the wheat reached maturity) only the firmness of the crumb increased slightly. In relation to the moist grain, the protein content increases from 2.9% after 8 days of ripening to 8.7% after 42 days, while in relation to the dry matter it passes a flat minimum and reaches the original value of about 11 % after maturity. The distribution of the protein on the Osborne fractions changes markedly. Albumins and globulins decrease, while gluten proteins increase. In contrast to the prolamins, which occur for the first time 2 weeks after flowering and then increase continuously to a final value of 3.3%, the glutenins/gel proteins are already present during the very early stages (about 2%) and do not increase to a final concentration of 4.5% before 3–4 weeks after flowering. The amino acid composition of all the protein fractions varies significantly in the early stages of maturation. Constant values, which are comparable with ripe wheat, are attained after 4 weeks of flowering. The starch content, related to flour dry mass, remains relatively constant during maturation.The lipids of starch, gluten and the water-soluble fraction, vary strongly with respect to their quantity and composition, but as a whole they remain relatively constant in the flour. Characteristic changes were observed especially 16 days and 28 days after flowering. The amino acid compositions of the proteins from whole grain, gluten, starch and the water-soluble fraction show that these dates are very important points in grain development.

     

Cognitive/behavioural formulations of depression and gender prevalence rates: Integration or expulsion?

Comments on J. M. Stoppard's (see record 1989-29654-001) discussion of the adequacy of cognitive/behavioral theories for understanding depression in women. The author suggests that within the problem-solving formulation of depression, 3 variables account for differences in prevalence between men and women: problem solving coping, experienced stress, and the problem solving?×?stress interaction. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The outcome of cognitive bibliotherapy with depressed adults.

Examined the effectiveness of minimal-contact cognitive bibliotherapy with a group of 80 depressed adults who were recruited from the community. Minimal-contact cognitive bibliotherapy was found to be superior to a waiting-list control group. The results were both statistically and clinically significant, and the treatment group maintained their levels of improvement at 3-month follow-up. The results also indicated significant decreases in dysfunctional attitudes and automatic negative thoughts after treatment. It appeared that the treatment also served a psychoeducational function. The interventive and preventive implications of these results are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Age-related deficits in retention of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response in rabbits.

Young and aged rabbits underwent classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR) to a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) and a corneal airpuff unconditioned stimulus (UCS) for 18 consecutive days. Rabbits were then returned to their home cages for a 90-day period in which they received no further conditioning, but they were handled daily. On Day 91 they underwent retention testing during which the CS alone was presented 20 times. This was immediately followed by reacquisition in which the CS and UCS were again paired for 100 trials. Reacquisition was repeated on the following day. As in previous studies, aged rabbits acquired the conditioned response (CR) more slowly than young rabbits; however, by the end of acquisition, both groups reached similar asymptotic levels. Retention of the CR was significantly lower for aged than young rabbits. Reacquisition was also retarded in aged vs young rabbits. Nonassociative factors, such as sensitivity to the stimuli or general health, could not account for these differences. Data are discussed in terms of using retention of the conditioned eyeblink response as a model system for studying age-related memory deficits. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Applications of the monitoring process model to coping with severe long-term medical threats.

Guided by the monitoring process model (MPM), the authors explored the illness responses of 2 samples: high monitors (who are cognitively vigilant to and amplify threat-related cues) and low monitors (who avoid them and blunt their impact). Both samples—101 women with human papillomavirus-related precancerous cervical dysplasia and 75 HlV-infected gay men—were undergoing long-term medical follow-up and management. Structural equation analysis showed an adequate fit of the MPM to the data within each sample, supporting the model's heuristic value: High monitors experienced greater disease-related intrusive ideation, which triggered greater avoidant ideation to forestall panic, particularly in the more threatened HlV-positive sample. However, efforts to avoid disturbing intrusive thoughts were ineffective, requiring increasingly extreme defensive strategies (i.e., denial and mental and behavioral disengagement). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Negative outcomes: What is the evidence on self-administered treatments?

D. C. Mohr (see record 1995-30134-001) suggested that high deterioration rates may occur in self-directed treatments. The investigators examined data from 5 studies of self-administered treatment for depression and found in contrast much lower rates (9% vs. 19%) than those cited in Mohr's review. The negative response rates for the self-administered treatments compared favorably with the negative response rates in the therapist-administered treatments provided in the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. The findings indicate that it may be the manner in which participants are prepared for self-administered treatment that is critical. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Selective sparing after lesions of visual cortex in newborn kittens.

Previous findings are discordant regarding the effects of perinatal lesions of Cortical Areas 17 and 18 on visual discrimination learning in cats. Three potential determinants of such sparing were investigated: age at lesion (4 or 181 days), age at testing (3 or 9 months), and stimulus complexity. Age at testing was not significant, but performance varied with stimulus complexity and cortical damage, and there was an interaction between stimulus complexity and age at lesion. Both operated groups were transiently impaired in discriminating objects and subsequently learned to discriminate simple 2-dimensional patterns as well as done by controls, but the lesion groups were permanently impaired in discriminating similiar patterns circumscribed by irrelevant lines. The age-at-lesion groups differed, however, in discriminating patterns masked by superimposed lines. The group lesioned at 181 days was severely impaired at both acquisition and subsequent intercurrent performance; the group lesioned at 4 days was impaired only at intercurrent performance. This study suggests that sparing after early postnatal damage of Areas 17 and 18 occurs only under limited circumstances. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Chip theft: Analysing the risks and practical solutions

The growth in PCs, both in business and home use, led to a worldwide shortage of computer memory chips about two years ago, and since then the situation has become worse with the launch of Windows 95 and the damage to a chip factory caused by the Kobe earthquake in Japan. Even though manufacturers are slowly catching up with the demand there is still a thriving black market for chips. They have a very high value and this coupled with their size makes them an attractive target for thieves. The effect of a chip theft on a business is the same as if the PC had been taken, and for most business this is catastrophic. A recent survey carried out in the UK by the DTI indicated that one-third of organizations which were hit by chip theft took more than seven days to get their systems up and running again.     

Functional lateralization for auditory temporal processing in male and female rats.

In 3 studies, adult male rats showed significantly better discrimination of tone sequences with the right ear than with the left ear. This result parallels similar findings of left-hemisphere specialization for auditory temporal processing in humans and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, because clinical evidence supports a link between specialization of the left hemisphere for auditory temporal processing and for speech processing, these results may reflect evolutionary precursors to left-hemisphere language specialization. Because male rats showed a stronger ear advantage than female rats, the findings may relate to evidence of a stronger right ear advantage in men than in women. Finally, results suggest that neonatal handling enhances lateralization for auditory temporal processing in both sexes. Combined results implicate neuroendocrine mechanisms as important factors in the development of lateralization for auditory temporal processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

WASTE MINIMIZATION IN BATCH VESSEL CLEANING

Although the cleaning of processing vessels has always been a significant source of waste, only recently have fundamental studies been undertaken to understand the cleaning process. The study described here began with a review of the literature on industrial cleaning practices. The literature was found to be mainly empirical. In order to provide a practical direction for research into the cleaning process, observations were made of a commercial batch processing facility. Based on these observations, short-term process improvements are suggested, and a new area for fundamental research is identified. @KEYWORDS Waste minimization Reflux cleaning Reactor Batch vessel.